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Pontius Pilate ( or ;〔 〕 Latin: ''Pontius Pīlātus'', , ''Pontios Pīlātos'') was the fifth prefect of the Roman province of Judaea from AD 26–36.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Britannica Online: Pontius Pilate )〕 He served under Emperor Tiberius, and is best known from the biblical account of the trial and crucifixion of Jesus. The sources for Pilate's life are an inscription known as the Pilate Stone, which confirms his historicity and establishes his title as ''prefect''; a brief mention by Tacitus; Philo of Alexandria; Josephus; the four canonical gospels; the Gospel of Nicodemus; the Gospel of Marcion; and other apocryphal works. Based on these sources, it appears that Pilate was an equestrian of the Pontii family, and succeeded Valerius Gratus as prefect of Judaea in AD 26. Once in his post he offended the religious sensibilities of his subjects, leading to harsh criticism from Philo, and many decades later, Josephus. According to Josephus c. AD 93,〔Flavius Josephus, ''Jewish Antiquities'' (18.89. )〕 Pilate was ordered back to Rome after harshly suppressing a Samaritan uprising, arriving just after the death of Tiberius which occurred on 16 March in AD 37. He was replaced by Marcellus. In all four gospel accounts Pilate lobbies for Jesus to be spared his eventual fate of execution, and acquiesces only when the crowd refuses to relent. He thus seeks to avoid personal responsibility for the death of Jesus. In the Gospel of Matthew, Pilate washes his hands to show that he is not responsible for the execution of Jesus and reluctantly sends him to his death.〔 The Gospel of Mark, depicting Jesus as innocent of plotting against the Roman Empire, portrays Pilate as reluctant to execute him.〔Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.〕 In the Gospel of Luke, Pilate not only agrees that Jesus did not conspire against Rome, but Herod Antipas, the tetrarch of Galilee, also finds nothing treasonable in Jesus' actions.〔 In the Gospel of John, Pilate states "I find no guilt in him ()," and he asks the Jews if Jesus should be released from custody.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=John 18:38-39 ESV – My Kingdom is Not of This World )〕 Scholars have long debated how to interpret Pilate's portrayal in the sources. The significance of the Pilate Stone, an artifact discovered in 1961 that names Pontius Pilate, is similarly debated by scholars.〔Jerry Vardaman, ''A New Inscription Which Mentions Pilate as 'Prefect' '', ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' Vol. 81, 1962. pp 70–71.〕〔Craig A. Evans, ''Jesus and the ossuaries'', Volume 44, Baylor University Press, 2003. pp 45–47〕 ==Historicity of Pilate== The only physical, archaeological evidence that confirms the existence of Pilate is the Latin inscription found on a limestone block relating Pilate's tribute to Tiberius.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.english.imjnet.org.il/Popup.aspx?c0=13142 )〕 The artifact, sometimes known as the ''Pilate Stone'', was discovered in 1961 by an archaeological team led by Antonio Frova. It was found as a reused block within a staircase located in a semicircular structure behind the stage house of the Roman theater at Caesarea, the city that served as Rome's administrative center in the province of Judaea. Roman governors were based in Caesarea and only visited Jerusalem on special occasions, or in times of unrest. The artifact is a fragment of the dedicatory inscriptions of a building, probably a temple, that was constructed, possibly in honour of the emperor Tiberius,〔Tacitus, ''Annals'', 15.44〕〔(18.89. ''Antiquities of the Jews'', 18.3.3 §63 )〕 dating to 26–36 AD.〔 The dedication states that Pilate was prefect of Judaea, read ''praefectus Iudaeae''. The early governors of Judaea were of prefect rank, the later were of procurator rank, beginning with Cuspius Fadus in 44 AD. The artifact is currently housed in the Israel Museum, Jerusalem, while a replica stands at Caesarea.〔Inventory number: AE 1963 no. 104〕 The remaining text read:〔 :…]S TIBERIÉVM :…PON]TIVS PILATVS :…PRAEF]ECTVS IVDA() 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pontius Pilate」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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